Urea is CO(NH2)2, a white crystalline solid carrying 46.65 % nitrogen by mass in the pure compound — the highest nitrogen concentration of any solid nitrogen fertiliser in world trade.
Urea is manufactured from ammonia and carbon dioxide, usually on the back of an ammonia plant that produces both feedstocks. The reaction runs at roughly 130 to 200 bar and 180 to 190 °C in two stages: two moles of ammonia and one of carbon dioxide combine rapidly and exothermically to form ammonium carbamate, and the carbamate then dehydrates more slowly and endothermically into urea and water. Conversion per pass is incomplete, so unconverted carbamate is decomposed, stripped and returned to synthesis. The process names that appear on plant data sheets — carbon dioxide stripping, ammonia stripping — describe how that recycle is handled, and they matter to a buyer only in one respect: how much thermal history the product carries, because thermal history is what creates biuret.
The urea solution leaving synthesis is then concentrated and turned into a solid, and this final step is where the market splits into two products. Prilling requires a very concentrated melt, typically 99.7 to 99.8 % urea, because droplets sprayed from the top of a tower have to solidify by cooling alone during free fall, with no opportunity to dry further. Granulation works from a less concentrated solution, typically 95 to 96 %, sprayed onto recirculating seed particles in a fluid bed or rotating drum, where water evaporates as each successive layer builds. The chemistry in the bag is identical. The particle is not, and almost every commercial argument about urea traces back to that difference.
Offers use a small set of terms that are not always used consistently. Agricultural or fertiliser grade means biuret at or below about 1.0 % and no particular restriction on the anti-caking treatment. Low biuret or foliar grade means biuret controlled below roughly 0.25 % for spray application. Technical grade means the material has been made and handled to meet a downstream chemical requirement — most commonly diesel exhaust fluid, resin manufacture or melamine feedstock — and normally carries limits on aldehydes, insoluble matter and trace metals that a fertiliser certificate never reports. Feed grade is a separate regulated route for non-protein nitrogen in ruminant rations and should never be assumed from an agricultural certificate. Ask which of these the offer is, in writing, before comparing prices.
Same molecule, same nitrogen content, two different physical products. The table below sets the two side by side on the properties that actually change what a buyer can do with the cargo.
| Property | Prilled urea | Granular urea | Why the difference matters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forming route | Melt at 99.7–99.8 % sprayed from a prilling tower and solidified in free fall | Seed particles grown by successive layers from a 95–96 % solution in a fluid bed or drum granulator | Layer growth builds a denser, harder particle; a frozen droplet does not |
| Typical particle size | 1.0–2.4 mm, median about 1.5–1.8 mm | 2.0–4.0 mm, median about 2.4–3.0 mm | Size governs blend matching, spread width and dissolution rate |
| Size Guide Number (SGN) | about 150–180 | about 240–300 | SGN is the median diameter in mm multiplied by 100; blend components should sit within roughly 10 SGN units of each other |
| Crushing strength | about 0.5–1.2 kgf (5–12 N) per particle | about 2.5–4.0 kgf (25–40 N) per granule | Decides how many transfer points the cargo survives before it becomes dust |
| Dust and attrition in handling | Higher — visible dusting at belt and chute transfers | Lower — tolerates ship discharge, blending and mechanical spreading | Dust is lost tonnage, a bagging nuisance and a caking accelerant |
| Loose bulk density (ISO 3944) | about 0.72–0.75 t/m³ | about 0.74–0.78 t/m³ | Affects stowage, bag fill and spreader calibration |
| Dissolution rate in water | Faster — more surface area per tonne | Slower — larger, denser particles | Prilled is the easier feed for fertigation tanks and spray solutions |
| Suitability for bulk blending | Poor — segregates against granular DAP and MOP | Good — size-matched to granular phosphates and potash | Segregation delivers off-ratio nutrient at the field, not at the plant |
| Practical mechanical spread width | About 12–18 m before pattern quality degrades | 24 m and beyond with a matched twin-disc spreader | Wide-boom farming cannot use prills without accepting striping |
| Usual commercial position | Discount to granular | Premium to prilled | The premium is paid for particle integrity, not for nitrogen |
The premium is not a quality claim about nitrogen. It is paid for four specific mechanical properties, and if none of them apply to your operation you are paying for something you will not use.
Most compound fertiliser sold in bulk is not chemically compounded at all — it is physically blended from granular urea, granular DAP or MAP, and granular potash. A blend only stays a blend if its components are the same size and density. When they are not, the mixture separates every time it is poured, coned, vibrated in a truck or discharged from a hopper: larger particles roll to the outside of a cone, smaller ones percolate downward through the voids. The farmer then receives a bag whose top half is one nutrient ratio and whose bottom half is another.
The trade manages this with two numbers taken from a sieve analysis. The Size Guide Number is the median particle diameter in millimetres multiplied by 100, so a granular urea with a 2.8 mm median is SGN 280. The Uniformity Index compares the small end of the distribution with the large end and expresses it as a percentage, describing how tight the spread is. Blending practice is to keep components within roughly 10 SGN units and 10 UI points of each other. Granular urea at SGN 240 to 300 sits naturally alongside granular DAP; prilled urea at SGN 150 to 180 does not, and no amount of careful mixing will hold that blend together through a truck journey.
A twin-disc centrifugal spreader throws particles by imparting momentum, and momentum scales with particle mass. A 3 mm granule carries roughly six times the mass of a 1.6 mm prill and a far better mass-to-drag ratio, so it flies further and lands more predictably against wind. Prilled urea can be spread, but the pattern deteriorates as boom width increases, and beyond about 18 m the coefficient of variation across the pass typically rises past the 15 % that agronomic guidance treats as the acceptable ceiling. The visible result is striping in the crop. Operators running 24 to 36 m tramlines specify granular for this reason alone.
Every transfer point costs particles: bagging line, truck tipping, ship loading, grab discharge, warehouse restacking, blender, spreader hopper. A material at 0.5 to 1.2 kgf crushing strength arrives at the last of those points having generated dust at every one of them. Beyond the lost tonnage, fines are the raw material for caking, because the fine fraction has the highest surface area available to pick up moisture and form solid bridges. Granular urea at 2.5 kgf and above is specified precisely so that the particle that leaves the plant is still a particle when it reaches the field.
None of the above matters if the urea is going to be dissolved. For fertigation, for spray solutions, for industrial dissolution and for any chemical use where the solid is a feedstock, small particles dissolve faster and crushing strength is irrelevant. Prilled urea also remains the practical choice for direct hand application, for paddy topdressing, for smallholder distribution in 25 and 50 kg bags, and for markets where the material is applied straight rather than blended. In those cases the granular premium buys nothing, and the sensible specification is prilled with a clear moisture and biuret limit.
Every measured line below carries the test method that produces it; the anti-caking line is a producer declaration rather than a test result, and is labelled as such. A specification line without a method is not enforceable, and the properties most often omitted from a weak certificate — biuret, crushing strength and particle size — are exactly the ones that decide whether the cargo is fit for its intended use.
| Property | Test method | Unit | Prilled, typical | Granular, typical |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total nitrogen, min (dry basis) | ISO 5315 / AOAC 955.04 (Kjeldahl, titrimetric after distillation) | % by mass | 46.0 | 46.0 |
| Biuret, max (agricultural grade) | ISO 2754 (spectrometric, on solid fertilisers containing urea) | % by mass | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Biuret, max (low-biuret / foliar grade) | ISO 2754 (spectrometric, on solid fertilisers containing urea) | % by mass | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Moisture (free water), max | ISO 760 (Karl Fischer) | % by mass | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Particle size, main fraction, min | ISO 8397 (test sieving) | % by mass | 90 in 1.0–2.4 mm | 90 in 2.0–4.0 mm |
| Crushing strength, min | ISO 8398 (single-granule compression) | kgf per particle (1 kgf = 9.81 N) | 0.7 (about 7 N) | 2.5 (about 25 N) |
| Loose bulk density | ISO 3944 | t/m³ | 0.72–0.75 | 0.74–0.78 |
| UFC 85 anti-caking additive, dose rate on finished product | Producer declaration on the Certificate of Analysis | % by mass of product | 0.3–0.6 | 0.3–0.6 |
Biuret is the single most consequential number on a urea certificate, and the one most buyers skim past. It decides whether the cargo can be sprayed on a leaf, fed to a resin plant or turned into diesel exhaust fluid.
Biuret is NH2-CO-NH-CO-NH2, formed when two urea molecules condense and release ammonia. The reaction is driven by temperature and by residence time, so it happens in the hot parts of the plant: the final concentration step, the melt lines, the prilling bucket or granulator, and anywhere product sits warm for longer than intended. It is a process-control outcome. Once biuret is in the batch it stays there — there is no downstream treatment, no blending fix and no re-screening that removes it. That is why a biuret figure is a statement about the plant that made the material, not about how carefully it was handled afterwards.
Plants take biuret up readily but metabolise it poorly. It accumulates in leaf tissue and interferes with nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis, producing a characteristic pattern: chlorosis beginning at the leaf tip and margin, progressing to necrosis, most visible on new growth. Citrus and pineapple are the textbook sensitive crops; glasshouse crops, seedlings and anything receiving fertiliser placed close to the germinating seed are also exposed.
The reason the tolerated limit changes with application method is dilution. Urea broadcast onto soil at normal field rates delivers its biuret into a large volume of soil where it is diluted and slowly degraded by soil microbes, and at 1.0 % biuret the dose reaching any single root is small. A foliar spray does the opposite: it deposits the solution directly onto the leaf surface at high local concentration, with no soil buffer at all. That is why foliar and fertigation programmes specify low-biuret material below roughly 0.25 %, and why using standard agricultural urea in a foliar tank is one of the more expensive mistakes available in crop nutrition.
A specification says max 1.0 %. A Certificate of Analysis says what the batch actually measured. Those are different documents answering different questions, and for biuret the gap between them is where the risk lives. If a certificate reports exactly 1.00 % on every batch across a year, it is reporting the specification rather than the analysis. Ask for the measured figure with the batch or lot number and the sampling date attached, and for foliar or technical duty, ask whether the plant is configured to run low biuret at all — many are not.
Most urea in world trade is treated with a urea-formaldehyde concentrate, usually UFC 85, dosed into the melt before finishing. It does two jobs: it hardens the prill or granule, and it suppresses caking by interfering with the recrystallisation bridges that lock particles together. For a farmer buying fertiliser this is a benefit and nothing else.
One number here is worth getting straight, because offers confuse it constantly. UFC 85 is typically dosed at 0.3 to 0.6 % by mass of the finished product. That is the additive dose rate, not the formaldehyde content. UFC 85 is itself roughly 60 % formaldehyde with the balance urea and water, so on a mass balance a 0.3 to 0.6 % dose leaves roughly 0.18 to 0.36 % formaldehyde in the product — about 1,800 to 3,600 mg/kg, which is the same quantity expressed as 1,800 to 3,600 ppm by mass — rather than the 3,000 to 6,000 mg/kg the dose rate alone would imply. A certificate that reports a single figure without saying whether it is UFC 85 addition or formaldehyde content has told you very little. Ask which basis the number is on, and if the destination market regulates formaldehyde on import, ask for it on the formaldehyde basis specifically.
It is not universally welcome. Melamine plants, some urea-formaldehyde resin chemistries that need to control their own formaldehyde ratio, diesel exhaust fluid production and certain regulated feed uses all have reasons to want untreated material, and some destination markets scrutinise formaldehyde content on import. A buyer should therefore always ask a plain question: is this material formaldehyde treated, and at what level. Get the answer written onto the Certificate of Analysis rather than accepted verbally. If untreated urea is required, accept in exchange that the cargo is more fragile and far more prone to caking, and tighten the moisture limit, the packaging specification and the storage period accordingly.
The great majority of world urea production goes to agriculture, but the technical and industrial outlets set the tightest specifications and are usually where a quality dispute originates.
One tonne of urea carries about 460 kg of nitrogen. Soil urease hydrolyses it to ammonium carbonate within days; surface-applied urea left uncovered on warm moist soil can lose a substantial share of that nitrogen as ammonia gas, which is why incorporation, irrigation-in, or a urease inhibitor such as NBPT is standard practice.
Granular urea only. The component sizes must be matched by Size Guide Number and Uniformity Index or the blend segregates in transit and delivers the wrong nutrient ratio at the field. Prilled urea cannot be used here at any price.
Requires low-biuret material below about 0.25 %. Prilled urea is preferred because it dissolves faster, and tank temperature must be watched because dissolution is strongly endothermic and cools the solution as it forms.
Technical urea dissolved to a 32.5 % aqueous solution, AUS 32, injected into the exhaust of a diesel engine ahead of a selective catalytic reduction catalyst to convert nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and water. The quality requirements are set by ISO 22241-1.
Urea-formaldehyde and melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins for particleboard, plywood and moulding compounds, and urea as the feedstock for melamine itself. These plants control their own formaldehyde chemistry and normally want untreated urea.
Urea solution injected into boiler and furnace flue gas for selective non-catalytic reduction, and in marine and stationary SCR systems. Non-protein nitrogen in ruminant feed is a separate regulated route with its own approvals and should never be assumed from a fertiliser certificate.
Diesel exhaust fluid, sold as AdBlue in Europe and DEF in North America, is a 32.5 % aqueous urea solution designated AUS 32. Its composition is defined by ISO 22241-1, the test methods by ISO 22241-2, and handling, transport and storage by ISO 22241-3. A buyer of technical urea is really buying the ability to hit the table below after dilution.
| Property | Limit | Unit | Why it is controlled |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urea content | 31.8–33.2 | % by mass | The 32.5 % nominal concentration gives the lowest freezing point, about −11.5 °C, and the correct reagent dose for the SCR catalyst |
| Density at 20 °C | 1.0870–1.0930 | g/cm³ | A fast physical check that the concentration is right |
| Refractive index at 20 °C | 1.3814–1.3843 | — | The field-portable concentration check, done with a handheld refractometer |
| Alkalinity as NH3, max | 0.2 | % by mass | Excess free ammonia indicates decomposition or contamination |
| Biuret, max | 0.3 | % by mass | Forms deposits in the injector and dosing line and degrades catalyst performance |
| Aldehydes, max | 5 | mg/kg | Trace organics carried over from urea production |
| Insoluble matter, max | 20 | mg/kg | Blocks the fine injector orifice; the most common cause of a dosing fault |
| Phosphate as PO4, max | 0.5 | mg/kg | A direct poison to the SCR catalyst |
| Calcium, iron, aluminium, magnesium, sodium, potassium — each, max | 0.5 | mg/kg | Deposit formers and catalyst poisons; also the signature of dirty transfer equipment |
| Copper, zinc, chromium, nickel — each, max | 0.2 | mg/kg | Catalyst poisons at very low concentration, picked up from unsuitable metals in contact with the fluid |
Caking is the dominant quality complaint on a urea shipment and it is almost always a moisture-cycling problem rather than a manufacturing defect. The safety profile is unusual: urea is not a dangerous good, and yet the two situations that hurt people are entirely predictable.
Urea is hygroscopic, with a critical relative humidity of 72.5 % at 30 °C. Above that ambient humidity it draws water out of the air; below it, it gives water back. Coastal loading ports, monsoon markets and unventilated warehouses routinely cross that line twice a day. Each time the humidity or temperature rises, a film of moisture dissolves a thin layer at the particle surface. Each time it falls, that saturated film recrystallises — and it does so as solid bridges spanning the contact points between adjacent particles. One cycle produces a soft lump. Twenty cycles under the weight of a stack produce a block that has to be broken with a bar.
Three things make it worse and all three are controllable. Fines, because a high surface area picks up moisture fastest, which is one more reason low crushing strength is expensive. Pressure, because compression forces particle contact points together and multiplies the number of bridges, so the bottom three tiers of a stack always cake first. And product temperature at bagging: urea bagged warm continues to release moisture inside a sealed bag, which then condenses on the inner face of the liner and runs back into the product.
Urea is chemically placid on its own and dangerously cooperative in company. It must never be bulk-blended or stored in intimate contact with ammonium nitrate: the critical relative humidity of the mixture collapses to roughly 18 % at 30 °C, which means it deliquesces at almost any ambient condition on earth, and the combination is also thermally less stable than either component alone. Urea plus single superphosphate liberates water of crystallisation and turns a dry blend into a paste. Calcium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate behave similarly. Segregate the bays, label them, and do not let a blending operator improvise.
Separately, urea must be kept away from hypochlorites. Contact between urea and sodium hypochlorite forms nitrogen trichloride, which is explosive. This is not a theoretical laboratory curiosity; it matters wherever a warehouse stores fertiliser and pool or sanitation chemicals in the same building. Strong oxidisers, strong acids and strong bases should also be stored apart.
Ammonia in enclosed spaces. Urea slowly releases residual free ammonia, and the release accelerates with temperature and moisture. In a sealed shipping container after a long warm voyage, in a ship's cargo hold, or in a silo or bagged-goods warehouse with no ventilation, ammonia accumulates and oxygen can be displaced. Ammonia is detectable by smell well below dangerous levels, but reliance on smell is not a control — olfactory fatigue sets in quickly. For ammonia the ACGIH threshold limit value is 25 ppm by volume as an eight-hour time-weighted average with a 35 ppm short-term exposure limit, and the NIOSH figure for immediately dangerous to life and health is 300 ppm. National limits differ and the destination country's occupational health regulation takes precedence over these reference values. Treat holds, silos and long-sealed containers as confined spaces: open the doors and stand clear, ventilate before entry, gas-test for ammonia and oxygen, and never send one person in alone.
Thermal decomposition and fire. Urea is not flammable and will not sustain combustion, but above its 132.7 °C melting point it decomposes progressively, giving ammonia and biuret and then isocyanic acid, cyanuric acid and related compounds. In a fire involving urea, the atmosphere contains ammonia, oxides of nitrogen and isocyanic acid, all of which are seriously toxic. Firefighting is with water or water spray on the surrounding fire, and responders need self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing rather than a dust mask.
Two further points belong in any site briefing. Runoff and spillage carry high ammoniacal nitrogen and are toxic to fish, so a wet clean-up that reaches a drain or watercourse turns a housekeeping incident into an environmental one — sweep spills up dry and recover them. And urea dust, which is not classed as a combustible dust and is of low acute toxicity, is mechanically irritating to eyes and the respiratory tract; eye protection and a dust mask are appropriate whenever bulk material is being moved, and prolonged skin contact should be avoided because urea is a keratolytic that will dry and irritate skin over a shift.
Solid urea is not classified as a dangerous good for transport and carries no UN number under the IMDG Code. Carried in bulk by sea it falls under the IMSBC Code schedule for urea as a Group C cargo — neither liable to liquefy nor chemically hazardous — which places the emphasis on ventilation, keeping the cargo dry and controlling entry to the hold rather than on segregation from other dangerous goods. The Safety Data Sheet should still travel with the cargo and be read by the receiving warehouse rather than filed unopened.
Packing choice on urea is a moisture decision before it is a cost decision. The bag is the only thing standing between a hygroscopic product and a humid destination, and the cheapest packing is routinely the most expensive outcome.
| Packing | Net weight per unit | Guide units per 20' FCL | Guide net cargo | Best suited to |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PP woven bag with inner PE liner | 50 kg | about 420–460 bags | about 21–23 MT | The standard agricultural distribution unit; the liner is the moisture control |
| PP woven bag with inner PE liner | 25 kg | about 840–920 bags | about 21–23 MT | Retail and smallholder markets; higher packing cost per tonne |
| Jumbo bag / FIBC, four-loop, lined | 1,000 kg | about 17–20 bags | about 17–20 MT | Mechanised handling with a forklift or crane; fewer lifts, but void space between bags costs cargo |
| Jumbo bag / FIBC, four-loop, lined | 1,250 kg | about 14–16 bags | about 17–20 MT | Slightly lower packing cost per tonne where handling equipment allows |
| Bulk in a lined container | — | 1 liner | about 23–25 MT | Buyers with tipping or vacuum discharge and covered receiving storage; the best cube utilisation of any format |
| Bulk vessel | — | n/a | Parcel size set by the charter, not by the packing | Terminals and blenders with silo capacity; stowage factor about 1.3–1.4 m³/t |
Prilled urea is made by solidifying droplets of a 99.7 to 99.8 % melt in free fall down a tower, giving particles of about 1.0 to 2.4 mm with a crushing strength around 0.5 to 1.2 kgf. Granular urea is built up in layers on seed particles in a granulator, giving 2.0 to 4.0 mm granules with a crushing strength of about 2.5 to 4.0 kgf. The nitrogen content is the same. Granular survives bulk blending, ship handling and wide mechanical spreading; prilled dissolves faster and is cheaper. Specify which one you want, because a contract that says only urea 46 % does not.
Pure urea contains 46.65 % nitrogen by mass, so the commercial minimum is 46.0 % on a dry basis, determined by the Kjeldahl method to ISO 5315 or AOAC 955.04. India's Fertiliser Control Order sets the same 46.0 % floor. The former European EC fertiliser listing under Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 used a lower floor of 44 %, since superseded by Regulation (EU) 2019/1009. Treat any claim materially above 46.4 % as an error rather than an advantage.
Biuret forms when two urea molecules condense under heat, and plants take it up but cannot metabolise it, so it causes leaf-tip chlorosis and then necrosis. Citrus and pineapple are classically sensitive. Broadcast soil application dilutes it, so 1.0 % is the usual agricultural ceiling, but foliar spraying delivers it straight onto the leaf and needs low-biuret material below about 0.25 %. Diesel exhaust fluid needs tighter still. Biuret cannot be removed after manufacture, so it is a decision about which plant made the cargo.
Urea has a critical relative humidity of 72.5 % at 30 °C. Above that it absorbs moisture from the air, and when conditions dry again the dissolved surface layer recrystallises as solid bridges between particles. Repeated humidity cycling under stack pressure turns those bridges into a hard block. The controls are moisture at or below 0.5 % at packing, cooling the product before bagging, anti-caking treatment, an intact polyethylene liner inside the bag, covered storage on dunnage with limited stack height, and managing container sweat with lining and desiccant.
Most traded urea is treated with a urea-formaldehyde concentrate such as UFC 85, dosed into the melt at roughly 0.3 to 0.6 % by mass of the finished product. Be careful with that number: it is the additive dose rate, and because UFC 85 is only about 60 % formaldehyde the formaldehyde content of the urea itself is lower. The treatment hardens the particle and suppresses caking, which is a benefit for fertiliser use. It is unwelcome for melamine production, for some resin chemistries, for diesel exhaust fluid and for certain regulated feed uses, and some destinations scrutinise it on import. Ask whether the material is treated, on which basis the figure is quoted, and have the answer written onto the Certificate of Analysis.
Technical grade urea, dissolved to a 32.5 % aqueous solution designated AUS 32 and specified by ISO 22241-1. The finished fluid must hold biuret below 0.3 % by mass, aldehydes below 5 mg/kg, insoluble matter below 20 mg/kg, phosphate below 0.5 mg/kg, and copper, zinc, chromium and nickel below 0.2 mg/kg each. Because the solution is only 32.5 % urea, the 0.3 % solution limit corresponds to roughly 0.9 % biuret on the solid, which is why agricultural urea sitting at its 1.0 % ceiling cannot be used.
Less than many offers claim, because urea cubes out before it weighs out. A 20-foot general purpose container gives roughly 33 m³ of internal volume, and urea at 0.72 to 0.78 t/m³ needs about 1.3 to 1.4 m³ per tonne, so even a perfectly filled box tops out near 24 to 26 t against a payload rating of about 28 t. Allowing for real stacking, that works out at roughly 21 to 23 MT in 50 kg bags, about 17 to 20 MT in one-tonne jumbo bags where the void space between bags costs you cargo, and about 23 to 25 MT loaded bulk into a container liner. Treat a quoted 25 to 27 MT of bagged urea per 20-foot container as an arithmetic error until a loading plan proves otherwise, and check the destination road weight limit as well, because it can bind before the cube does.
Urea, whether or not in aqueous solution, is classified under HS heading 3102.10; destination countries add their own national subheadings, so confirm the full code with your customs broker. Urea is not a dangerous good for transport and carries no UN number under the IMDG Code. Shipped in bulk by sea it appears in the IMSBC Code as a Group C cargo. The real handling hazard is ammonia accumulation in sealed containers, holds and silos, which should be treated as a confined-space entry with ventilation and gas testing.
Send four things and the enquiry can be priced without a round of questions: prilled or granular, the biuret limit your application needs, packing and quantity, and the destination port with your Incoterm. If the cargo is for foliar, technical or diesel exhaust fluid duty, say so at the start, because that changes which material can be offered. WhatsApp +971 56 144 5733.